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Background: Patient education as an integral aspect of communication between health care providers and patients plays an important role in patient health management Teach Back (TB) is a method of interactive education. Using the teach-back technique not only improves patient’s knowledge and understanding, but also increases patient’s adherence to disease management. Furthermore, self-care education to diabetic patients has always been a key strategy for successful control of diabetes. The aim of this study is assessment the effect of self care education based on Teach Back method on promotion of self care behaviors in type II diabetic patients of Hamadan city, 2012. Methods: This interventional quasi-experimental study was performed by choosing 70 type II diabetic patients Random permutation divided into two experimental (n=35) and control (n=35) groups. Educational programs base on TB designed for patients in the intervention group included four sessions. Before and one month after the educational intervention, the results were evaluated. Participants responded to the knowledge and SDSCA questionnaires. Information was collected through interviews and self report, and then data were analyzed by SPSS-20. Results: The results indicated a positive impact of TB on knowledge (p< 0.001) and self-care behaviores (p<0.001) among patients of the intervention group. Conclusion: The results showed the positive effect of education program based on Teach Back method to increase self management among diabetic patients, while implementing such programs seem to be effective in the treatment and prevention of diabetes complications.

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Background: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a complication type 2 diabetes mellitus that can lead to cardiac muscle autophagy through the proteins FOXO3a and Beclin-1. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 8 weeks High intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of FOXO3a and Beclin-1 proteins in heart muscle tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats with type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, diabetic training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads). The training group trained for 4 days a week in accordance with the training program (each session 42 minutes, 10-30 m/m) for 8 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Also, rats did not receive any insulin treatment during the study period. The independent t-test was used to analyze the data. Significance level is considered p≤0.05.
Results: Eight weeks of HIIT training resulted in a significant decrease in FOXO3a (P=0.008) and Beclin-1 (P=0.002) proteins content in diabetic training group compared to diabetic control group.
Conclusion: It can be said that eight weeks of HIIT training decreased the FOXO3a/Beclin-1 autophagy pathway by decreasing FOXO3a and Beclin-1 protein content. Therefore, the use of HIIT exercises may be useful for diabetic subjects who are prone to diabetic cardiomyopathy.

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Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes can impair the function of important cellular pathways. Activation of the mTOR pathway results in regulation of the SREBP1 protein for metabolism and regulation of adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of high intensity interval training on the content of mTOR and SREBP1 in adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 12 to 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 20± 20 g were selected and after being diabetic by induction of STZ and nicotine amide, randomly divided in two groups, diabetic training (6 rats) and diabetic control (6 rats). Exercise group training 4 days a week for 4 weeks according to the training HIIT; The control group had no exercise program. Independent t-test and dependent t-test were used for data analysis.
Results: There was no significant change in mTOR protein content (p=0.12); But the SREBP1 protein content (p=0.001) increased significantly. The weight of control group (P=0.0001) and HIIT group (P=0.010) showed a significant increase. Blood sugar in the control group also increased significantly (P=0.0001), but HIIT mice did not show a significant change (P = 0.14).
Conclusion: 4 weeks of HIIT training did not significantly change weight, blood glucose and mTOR protein content. But it did increase the SREBP1 content, so factors such as duration and intensity of training should be adjusted in order to achieve the best results when administering HIIT.

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Background: One of the most important biological pathways involved in maintaining energy homeostasis is the AMPK PGC-1α pathway. Activation of this pathway through exercise can be important in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis processes and maintaining energy balance in diabetics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance exercise on the content of AMPK and PGC-1α proteins in the left ventricular heart tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this experimental study, 12 two-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. After diabetic induction with STZ and Nicotinamide, rats were randomly assigned to two groups, training diabetic and control diabetic (6 heads in group each). The training group performed 4 days a week for 8 weeks, including 30 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed; While the control group did not have any training program. Also, rats did not receive any insulin treatment during the study period. The independent t-test was used in SPSS software version 21 to analyze the data.

Results: A significant increase was observed in the content of AMPK (P=0.002) and PGC-1α (P=0.0001) proteins in the endurance exercise group compared to control.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, endurance exercise was able to significantly increase the content of AMPK and PGC-1α proteins. Therefore, it is possible that an increasing these proteins can lead to energy production and increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of endurance training with sour lemon consumption on plasma levels of endolin-1 and nitric oxide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 72 male Wistar rats (Weight; 200 ± 12 g) were selected and randomly divided into eight groups after becoming diabetic. Endurance training protocol was performed on rats for 6 weeks. Lemon essential oil (50 mg/kg) was administered using gavage. Plasma endolin-1 levels were measured by ELISA and serum nitrite levels were measured as a major metabolite of nitric oxide. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed that the mean levels of endothelin-1 in the endurance training + lemon group and diabetes + endurance training + lemon were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). Also, the mean nitric oxide levels in the diabetes + lemon group were significantly lower compared to the control group, but in the endurance + lemon training group and the diabetes + endurance training + lemon group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that endurance training with consumption of lemon may improve endothelial function and vascular occlusion in diabetic patients by reducing the concentration of endothelin-1 levels and increasing nitric oxide levels.

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Background: The myostatin/SMAD pathway is one of the most important regulatory pathways in heart muscle cells atrophy. Diabetes can disorder this pathway. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of endurance training on the content myostatin and SMAD2/3 proteins in the left ventricular tissue of the heart muscle of type 1 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this study, 12 head 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 300±20 g were selected. After induction of diabetes through streptozotocin solution, they were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic endurance training (6 heads) and diabetic control (6 heads); The training groups performed the training program 4 days a week for 6 weeks, including 32 minutes of endurance training with an intensity of about 50 to 70% of the maximum speed; SPSS software version 23 and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered p≤0.05.
Findings: Endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in myostatin (P=0.024) and SMAD2/3 (P=0.001) proteins content between training and control groups in myocardial tissue.
Conclusion: It can be said that endurance training by reducing the content of myostatin and SMAD2/3 proteins in the left ventricle of the heart may have been able to prevent cardiac atrophy in type 1 diabetic subjects. This reduction can lead to physiological cardiac hypertrophy.